DS009 - How to Use the UNIX Shell - A Brief Introduction Special Notes:- On MS-DOS systems, uppercase and lowercase characters in filenames and commands are treated identically. On UNIX Systems in which you are now currently using, uppercase and lowercase distinctions are important. You can create different files or commands whose names differ only in how they use upper and lowercase letters. For example, the following commands cc file CC file cc FILE CC FILE refer to two separate commands (cc and CC) and two different files (file and FILE). Wildcard in UNIX:- * The character '*', used in a file name, acts as a "wildcard" that stands for any sequence of characters. For instance, 'x*e' includes the files xe, xotic, and xebec (if they exist). Some Useful Commands:- cat Displays file contents continuously. usage: cat filename more Displays file contents one page at a time (use the spacebar to advance to the next screen, the b key to go back a screen). usage: more filename cd Changes directory. usage: cd directoryname or cd directoryname/subdirectoryname pwd Displays the name of the directory you are currently in. usage: pwd mkdir Creates a new directory. usage: mkdir directoryname rmdir Removes or deletes a directory. usage: rmdir directoryname ls Lists the files and subdirectories in the current directory. ls -l lists them in long form, with file size, date, etc. ls -a lists all files, including hidden files. usage: ls ls -l ls -a ls -a -l cp Copies a file to a new location. usage: cp sourcename destinationname rm Removes or deletes file. usage: rm filename mv Moves or renames a file. usage: mv oldfilename newdirectory/newfilename or to rename a file: mv oldfilename newfilename man Gets specific help from the online manual. usgae: man command clear Clears the screen exit Logs you out of the system. chpass Changes your finger name - the name that you are known by to the system. usage: chpass passwd Changes your password. whoami Shows your current finger name information. sz Sends a file by way of the Zmodem file-transfer protocol. sz -b sends a binary file sz -a sends an ASCII file usage: sz filename sz -a filename sz -b filename Some Useful Utilities:- tin USENET NetNews reading/posting pine User friendly E-Mail reader/editor pico Simple & easy to use text editor irc Internet Relay Chat ytalk Multi-user chat program (CTRL-C to quit) telnet User interface to the TELNET protocol ftp ARPANET file transfer program actime Time log report, takes 30s or more to compile